Managing arthritis in older pets

If your once-energetic pet now hesitates before jumping onto the couch or seems stiff after napping, arthritis may be the culprit. This degenerative joint disease affects an estimated 80% of dogs over age 8 and up to 90% of cats over age 12, making it one of the most common conditions in senior pets.

The good news is that arthritis can be managed effectively. With the right combination of treatments, most arthritic pets can maintain good quality of life and continue enjoying their favorite activities, perhaps with a few modifications.

Understanding arthritis in pets

Arthritis, also called osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease, occurs when the cartilage that cushions joints breaks down over time. Without this protective layer, bones rub against each other, causing inflammation, pain, and decreased mobility.

The condition typically develops gradually. Cartilage has no nerve endings, so the early stages of breakdown are painless. By the time your pet shows symptoms, the disease has usually been progressing for months or years. This is why senior wellness exams that include joint assessments are so valuable: catching arthritis early allows for interventions that can slow its progression.

Recognizing arthritis symptoms

Pets can't tell us their joints hurt, and many are remarkably stoic about pain. Learning to recognize the subtle signs of arthritis helps you get your pet relief sooner.

In dogs

Watch for reluctance to climb stairs, jump into the car, or get onto furniture they previously accessed easily. Stiffness upon rising, especially after sleeping or resting, is a classic sign: the "morning warm-up" period that improves as they move around. Limping or favoring a leg, lagging behind on walks, difficulty squatting to eliminate, and decreased interest in play or exercise all warrant investigation.

Behavioral changes can also signal joint pain. A dog who becomes irritable when touched, especially around the hips or legs, may be protecting painful joints. Increased sleep, decreased appetite, or withdrawal from family activities can indicate chronic discomfort.

In cats

Feline arthritis often goes undiagnosed because cats are masters at hiding pain and their symptoms are easily attributed to "just getting old." Watch for reduced jumping, using lower surfaces as stepping stones to reach heights, hesitating before jumping down, and difficulty accessing the litter box (especially high-sided boxes).

Decreased grooming, particularly on the back half of the body, can indicate that twisting to groom is painful. Some cats groom excessively over painful joints instead. Changes in sleep locations (preferring lower spots), reduced activity, and reluctance to be handled are other warning signs.

Getting a diagnosis

If you suspect arthritis, schedule a veterinary exam. Your vet will assess your pet's gait, manipulate joints to check for pain and range of motion, and may recommend X-rays to visualize joint changes.

X-rays can show bone spurs, narrowed joint spaces, and other changes consistent with arthritis. However, the severity on X-rays doesn't always correlate with pain levels, some pets with dramatic changes function well, while others with mild changes are quite uncomfortable.

Medical treatment options

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Veterinary NSAIDs like carprofen, meloxicam, and galliprant are often the foundation of arthritis management. They reduce inflammation and provide pain relief, often dramatically improving mobility and comfort.

Never give human NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen to pets. They're toxic, even in small amounts. Even aspirin should only be used under veterinary guidance.

Long-term NSAID use requires monitoring kidney and liver function through periodic blood tests. Some pets tolerate these medications for years; others may need alternatives due to side effects.

Other pain medications

For pets who can't take NSAIDs or need additional pain control, other options include gabapentin (particularly useful for cats and for nerve-related pain), tramadol, and amantadine. Your vet may recommend combinations for optimal relief.

Joint injections

Adequan (polysulfated glycosaminoglycan) is an injectable medication that can help protect cartilage and improve joint fluid quality. It's given as a series of injections, initially twice weekly, then monthly for maintenance. Many owners learn to give these injections at home.

Newer treatments include monoclonal antibody therapies like Librela for dogs and Solensia for cats, which target nerve growth factor to reduce pain signals. These monthly injections have shown promising results with minimal side effects.

Supplements and nutraceuticals

Many pet owners turn to supplements as part of arthritis management. While research results are mixed, these products are generally safe and may provide benefit, especially when started early in the disease process.

Glucosamine and chondroitin

These are building blocks of cartilage. The theory is that supplementation provides raw materials for cartilage repair. Studies show modest benefits at best, but given the excellent safety profile, many vets recommend trying them. Allow 6-8 weeks to see results.

Omega-3 fatty acids

Fish oil provides EPA and DHA, which have documented anti-inflammatory effects. High-quality fish oil in appropriate doses can reduce joint inflammation and may allow lower doses of other pain medications. Look for products tested for purity.

Other supplements

Green-lipped mussel, MSM, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), and various herbal preparations are marketed for joint health. Evidence varies; discuss specific products with your vet.

Physical therapy and alternative treatments

Hydrotherapy

Water-based exercise is ideal for arthritic pets. The buoyancy supports weight while allowing movement that builds muscle and maintains joint flexibility. Underwater treadmills and swimming sessions are available at many veterinary rehabilitation facilities.

Massage and manual therapy

Gentle massage improves circulation, reduces muscle tension, and provides comfort. Certified animal massage therapists can teach you techniques to use at home. Even simple petting and gentle range-of-motion exercises help.

Acupuncture

Veterinary acupuncture has shown benefit for arthritis pain in some studies. Treatments typically involve inserting thin needles at specific points, sometimes with electrical stimulation. Many pets tolerate it well and show improvement.

Laser therapy

Cold laser (low-level light therapy) is proposed to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Sessions are quick and painless. Evidence is still emerging, but many practitioners and pet owners report positive results.

Home modifications for comfort

Adapting your home environment can significantly improve your arthritic pet's quality of life and independence.

Bedding

Orthopedic beds with supportive foam cushion joints and make rising easier. Memory foam or egg-crate mattresses conform to the body and distribute weight evenly. Heated beds can soothe achy joints, especially in cold weather, but ensure they have thermostats to prevent overheating.

Flooring

Slippery floors are hazardous for arthritic pets who already have compromised mobility. Lay down rugs, runners, or yoga mats in high-traffic areas. Booties with rubber soles can provide traction, though some pets resist wearing them.

Ramps and steps

Provide ramps for getting on furniture, into cars, or up porch steps. Gradual inclines are easier than steep ones. Pet stairs with low, broad steps can work for smaller pets.

Food and water

Raised bowls reduce the need to bend down, which can stress neck and shoulder joints. The ideal height allows your pet to eat and drink without lowering their head below shoulder level.

Litter boxes

For cats, switch to low-entry boxes that don't require climbing over high sides. Cut down one side of existing boxes or purchase senior-friendly options. Place boxes on each floor so arthritic cats don't have to navigate stairs.

Weight management

Maintaining a healthy weight is perhaps the single most important thing you can do for an arthritic pet. Every extra pound stresses already compromised joints. Studies show that overweight dogs who lose weight show dramatic improvements in mobility and pain levels.

Work with your vet to determine your pet's ideal weight and develop a safe weight-loss plan if needed. Crash diets are dangerous; slow, steady loss through portion control and appropriate exercise is the goal.

Exercise: the right balance

Arthritic pets need to stay active. Appropriate exercise maintains muscle mass (which supports joints), keeps joints mobile, and prevents weight gain. The key is finding the right type and amount.

Aim for multiple short, gentle walks rather than occasional long ones. Swimming is excellent if your pet enjoys water. Avoid high-impact activities like running, jumping, and rough play. Watch your pet during and after exercise, if they seem stiffer afterward, you may need to scale back.

Working with your veterinarian

Arthritis management is an ongoing process that requires regular reassessment. Schedule follow-up appointments to evaluate how treatments are working and adjust as needed. Don't hesitate to reach out if your pet's condition changes between appointments.

Keep a journal of your pet's activity levels, any limping or stiffness you notice, and response to treatments. This information helps your vet fine-tune the management plan.

Arthritis is a progressive condition, but proactive management can keep your pet comfortable and mobile for years. Work closely with your veterinary team to develop a comprehensive plan tailored to your pet's needs.